Ovid Technologies Field Guide

CANCERLIT (CANC)


Scope | General Information | Searching Fields | Stopwords | Limits
Changing to this Database From Another Database
Sample Documents | Copyright Information | Updated


Read the CANCERLIT Reload News at 2002 CANCERLIT Reload News!

Scope

Produced by the U.S. National Cancer Institute, CANCERLIT is an important source of bibliographic records (most with abstracts) pertaining to all aspects of cancer therapy, including:

Some of the information in CANCERLIT is derived from the MEDLINE database. Approximately 200 core journals contribute a large percentage of the records. In addition, other information is drawn from proceedings of meetings, government reports, symposia reports, theses, and selected monographs. Indexed materials include articles from journals, abstracts of papers presented at professional meetings, government and technical reports, dissertations, and monographs.


General Information

Producer
National Cancer Institute
R.A. Bloch International Cancer Information Center
Building 82, Room 103
9030 Old Georgetown Road
Bethesda, MD 20814
Phone: (800) 638-8480
Fax: (301)480-8105
Website: http://www.nci.nih.gov
Years of Coverage
canc: 1975-Present
canc6: 2002-Present
canc5: 1999-2001
canc4: 1996-1998
canc3: 1991-1995
canc2: 1985-1990
canc1: 1975-1984
Default Fields for Unqualified Searches
AB, RW, SH, TI
All Display/Print Fields
AB, AS, AU, CM, CP, EM, GS, IN, IS, JC, LG, LM, MS, NO, OT, PM, PN, PT, RN, SB, SH, SO, TI, UI
Default Display/Print Fields
AB, AU, IN, OT, PM, RN, SO, SH, TI, UI
Elements of SO (Source) Field
IP, JA, JN, PB, PG, YR, VO
Online and Local Update Frequency
Monthly

Searching the CANCERLIT Fields

The following alphabetical list provides the two letter label, the relevant alias, and at least one example for all searchable CANCERLIT fields:

=====	==============
Label	Name / Example
=====	==============
AB	ABSTRACT [Word Indexed]
	bone density.ab.

CANCERLIT includes author-written abstracts from journals whose publisher gave National 
Library of Medicine permission for their use. These abstracts appear in the Abstract (AB) 
field. Over 80% of the documents in CANCERLIT contain abstracts. 

The abstract index contains all searchable words from the abstract.

Stopwords, such as, "the" and "of" are not searchable.

Abstracts which exceed 250 words (or, for core cancer journals or long articles, 400 words) 
are truncated. The Abstract field includes a display of number of References in an article.


AS	Abbreviated Source [Display Only]

The Abbreviated Source (AS) field includes a display of all the basic information needed 
to locate a citation, including the journal name abbreviation or Monograph Publisher, the 
Vol/Issue, pagination and year of publication.

This version of the Source field is useful for downloading into reprint managers which 
use abbreviated journal names.


AU	Authors [Phrase Indexed]
	ochsner jl.au. 
	smith $.au. 

The Author (AU) field contains up to twenty-five authors. The format for authors is last 
name followed by one or more initials: Smith JC or Smith J. 

Enter the last name, or if it is a common name, enter the last name and first initial. 
If you are unsure of the spelling of the last name (macdonald or mcdonald), enter one 
version and then scroll through the list of names to find the other. 


CM	Comments [Word Indexed]
	manipulative.cm.

Sometimes the title of a CANCERLET record includes the word [Comment] in brackets. This 
means that the article is either a Comment On another article or is Commented On in 
another article.

If this bracketed indication [Comment] appears in the title, there is always a Comment (CO)
field in the record. The Comment field begins with the indication "Comment On" or "Comment 
In" and then displays a journal abbreviation, volume/issue/date and pagination. 


CP	Country of Publication [Phrase Indexed]
	united states.cp.

The Country of Publication (CP) field contains the full name of the country in which an 
article was published. The country name is entered into the index as a phrase.


DP	Year of Publication [Display Only]

The date (DP) field consists of the date of publication for a citation. This field is 
usually displayed as part of the Source (SO) field.


ED	Entry Date [Phrase Indexed]
 	20011215.ed.
 	20000929.ed.

The Entry Date (ED) field contains the issue (year, month and day) in which a document 
appeared in Index Medicus. This index contains the Revision Date (RD) of the document, 
if present, and appears in the format YYYYMMDD. This field also displays the Update Date 
(UP), which is the date the record was added to Ovid's Medline.


FS	Floating Sub-Heading [Phrase Indexed]
	et.fs. 
	di.fs.

Subheadings are qualifiers added to MeSH subject headings to refine their meaning. Terms 
such as "etiology" or "therapy," when combined with a MeSH heading, give a very precise 
idea of what an article covers. 

The Floating Subheading (FS) field contains the 2-letter codes, such as "po" for poisoning. 
 

GS	Gene Symbol [Phrase Indexed]
	znf74.gs. 

The Gene Symbol (GS) field contains Gene Symbols as they are entered into CANCERLIT in the 
original document. 

The GS field sometimes conforms to standardized human gene nomenclature. Ignore super or 
sub-scripts in entry of a gene symbol. For example, psub 1450 would be entered as p1450. 
Enter hyphens as in the original symbol. 

Beginning in 1996, data will no longer be added to this field.


GW	Gene Symbol Word [Word Indexed]
	cd4.gw.

The Gene Symbol Word (GW) field contains individual words from the Gene Symbol (GS) field.

Beginning in 1996, data will no longer be added to this field.


HW	Subject Heading Word [Word Indexed]
	diazepam.hw. 
	blood.hw. 

Sometimes you may want to retrieve every MeSH subject heading that includes a particular 
word; do this by searching the single word in the Subject Heading Word (HW) field. 


IA	Investigator Affiliation [Word Indexed]
	seattle.ia.

The Investigator Affiliation (IA) field contains the affiliation of the investigator of 
the article, and displays as part of the Institution (IN) field.


IN	Institution [Word Indexed]
	harvard.in. 
	case western.in. 

The Institution (IN) field contains the primary author's affiliation, which is usually 
the source for a reprint of the article. This index also contains the investigators 
affiliation. This information can be searched in most documents since 1988, but records
from earlier years which were added to the database after 1988 may also contain institution
information. Beginning with documents indexed in 1996, the primary author's email address 
will also be included, if present in the journal. The information is taken from the source 
document and is not standardized. Enter the single most descriptive word in an institution 
(Harvard, not university). Consider both full spellings and abbreviations. 


IP	Issue/Part [Word Indexed]
	"3".ip. 
	"45".ip. 

The Issue/part field (IP) contains the Issue and/or part for a particular volume of a 
journal. The IP field usually displays as part of the Source (SO) field. 


IR	Investigator [Phrase Indexed]
	curtis sb.ir.

The Investigator (IR) field appears in citations created or maintained by the National 
Aeronautics and Space Adminiatration (NASA). The format for investigator is last name 
followed by one or more initials: Smith JC or Smith J. It displays as part of the author
(AU) field. 


IS	ISSN [Phrase Indexed]
	8756 7938.is. 
	0001 4001.is. 

The ISSN (IS) field contains the 8 digit International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) for 
the journal in which an article was published. The ISSN appears as an 8 digit number,
separated by a hyphen: 8756-7938


JA	Journal Abbreviation [Display Only]

The Journal Abbreviated (JA) field includes a display of all the basic information needed 
to locate a citation, including the journal name abbreviation or Monograph Publisher, 
the Vol/Issue, pagination and year of publication.


JC	NLM Journal Code [Display Only]

The NLM Journal Code (JC) is an alpha-numeric code established by NLM, which uniquely 
identifies each journal indexed in the NLM databases. Beginning with the 2002 reload,
the NLM Journal Code is derived from the accession number assigned to Voyager, NLM's ILS.
Prior to October 1998, the accession number element consisted of seven or eight digits.
Beginning October 1998, the accession number consists of nine digits.


JN	Journal Name [Phrase Indexed]
	archives of dermatology.jn. 
	jama.jn.

The Journal Name (JN) field contains the full name of the journal in which the 
article was published. This field usually displays as part of the Source (SO) field.

Journal names are indexed as phrases, so enter enough letters of the journal 
name to locate the name in the index: new engl (for New England Journal of Medicine).

Stopwords such as "of" ARE included in the JN index, but when "the" is the first word of 
a journal, it has been stripped out. 


JW	Journal Word [Word Indexed]
	obstetrics.jw. 
	psychology.jw. 

The Journal Word (JW) field contains individual words from every journal name in CANCERLIT. 

Stopwords such as "the" or "of" are not included. This field is used to retrieve every 
occurrence of a journal which includes a particular word, such as "obstetrics."


KF	Keyword Heading Word [Word Indexed]
	nature.kf.

Sometimes you may want to retrieve every Keyword Heading that includes a particular word;
search using the single word in the Keyword Heading Word (KF) field.


KW	Keyword Heading [Phrase Indexed]
	utilitarianism.kw.

The Keyword Heading (KW) field contains the Keyword Headings assigned by indexers to 
describe the content of an article.


LG	Language [Phrase Indexed]
	fre.lg. 
	eng.lg. 

The Language (LG) field contains the language(s) of publication of an article. The 
language name appears in the index as a 3-letter code (such as fre for French); the codes
are usually, but not always, the first three letters of the language name. 

The language index is quickly scrollable to determine all languages which appear in 
CANCERLIT. 


LH	Locally Held [Display Only]

The Locally Held (LH) field indicates (with a "Y" or "N") if a journal is held locally.


LM	Local Messages [Display Only]

The Local Messages (LM) field contains messages created by the System Administrator to 
indicate information about journals held in your local library system.


MI	Medline Identifier [Phrase Indexed]
	20000004.mi.
	67179603.mi.

The Medline Identifier (MI) field contains the NLM Class Maintenance number. This number 
was formally the Unique Identifier (UI).


MS	Molecular Sequence [Word Indexed]
	genbank.ms. 

The Molecular Sequence (MS) field contains an organizational acronym and the unique 
identifier that organization has applied to a molecular sequence. The acronym appears 
first followed by a hyphen and the unique identifier: genbank-60485. 


NO	Grant Number [Phrase Indexed]
	zo1 cd00036 01.no.

The Grant Numbers (NO) field contains the Grant or contract number for articles 
or publications generated by support with US federal funds. Grant or contract 
numbers are displayed in full, but special characters except hyphens have been 
removed from the index. The Grant Numbers (NO) field was added to MEDLINE in 
1981.


NT	General Note [Display Only]
	
The General Note (NT) field contains either a series name and number or general 
supplementary information about an item. 


OA	Other Abstract [Word Indexed]
	crime.oa.

The Other Abstract (OA) field includes a brief abstract written by staff members of the 
Kennedy Institute of Ethics. The Other Abstract field is indexed in Abstract (AB) field, 
and contains all searchable words from the other abstract.

Stopwords, such as, "the" and "of" are not searchable.


OT	Original Title [Word Indexed]
 	coeur.ot.

The Original Title (OT) includes any non-English titles in the original language. If 
the original title was in a non-Roman alphabet, then the OT is transliterated.


PB	Publisher [Word Indexed]
	ginecol.pb. 
	zasshi.pb. 

The Publisher (PB) field contains publisher information for books, monographs or
any non-journal publications. This information is taken from the source document as 
it appears, so variant forms of a publisher are possible. 


PG	Page [Phrase Indexed]
	"44".pg. 
	"237".pg.

The Page (PG) field consists of the inclusive pagination of a journal article. This field 
is usually displayed as part of the Source (SO) field.


PN	Personal Name as Subject [Phrase Indexed]
	lombard hl.pn. 

If an article is an interview, an obituary, or simply discusses a well-known person, that 
person's name appears in the Personal Name As Subject (PN) field.  

The format for the Personal Name field is the same as that for the Author field -— last 
name and initials: Haddow A. Enter a last name and one initial, if known. 


PT	Publication Type [Phrase Indexed]
	bibliography.pt. 
	review.pt. 

In addition to indexing documents with Medical Subject Headings, the indexers at the 
National Library of Medicine assign terms to describe the article type. These terms appear 
in the Publication Type (PT) field. 


RD	Revision Date [Phrase Indexed]
	20011126.rd.
The Revision Date (RD) field contains the most recent date of revision in the YYYYMMDD format. 
It is indexed in the Entry Date (ED) field. 


RF	Number of References [Display Only]

The Reference (RF) field consists of an indication that a particular journal article 
contains references. This field is usually displayed in brackets as part of the 
Abstract (AB) field.


RN	CAS Registry Number/EC Number [Phrase Indexed]
	zk 119010.rn. 
	0 001 c8 nbd.rn. 

The CAS Registry/EC Number (RN) field contains the Chemical Abstracts Service Registry 
number or Enzyme Commission number for a compound mentioned in an article. If the generic 
compound name can be determined, it is also included. Hyphens are not used in the index 
although they do appear in the record display. 

Registry numbers appear with hyphens (50-07-0); EC numbers appear in the format ec 1-1-1-3; 
and chemical names appear with all special characters except hyphens removed. 


RO	Record Owner [Phrase Indexed]
	hmd.ro.

The Record Owner (RO) field contains the owner of the record.

HMD = History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine
HSR = Health Services Research
KIE = Kennedy Institute of Ethics, Georgetown University
NASA = National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NLM = National Library of Medicine
NOTNLM = Other Source
PIP = Population Information Program
SIS = Division of Specialized Information Services, NLM


RW	CAS Registry/EC Number Word [Word Indexed]
	binding.rw. 
	enzyme$.rw. 

The CAS Registry/EC Number Word (RW) field contains single words from the registry number 
field and is used to search portions of chemical names. 

The Registry Number (RN) field was added to MEDLINE in 1980 and is new to CANCERLIT for 
2001.


SB	Journal Subset [Phrase Indexed]
	d.sb.

The Journal Subset (SB) field in CancerLIT is used to identify the source of the document.

To eliminate overlap between MEDLINE and CANCERLIT, use the limit option or the command 
syntax: 4 not l.sb. Sources include:

im = Index Medicus
aim = Core Clinical Journals
d =  Dental Journals
n =  Nursing Journals
x =  AIDS/HIV Journals
b =  Biotechnology Journals (retrospective only)
k =  Consumer Health Journals
h =  Health Administration Journals
r =  Population Journals (retrospective only)
f =  Foreign Journals (retrospective only for one journal)
c =  Communication Journals
t =  Health Technology Assessment Journals


SM	Space Flight Mission [Phrase Indexed]
	flight experiment.sm.
	galileo project.sm

The Space Flight Mission (SM) field provides descriptive values for each Space Flight 
Mission.


SH	MeSH Subject Headings [Phrase Indexed]
	ulcer.sh.
	sarcoma kaposi.sh.

The MeSH Subject Headings (SH) field contains the subject headings used by indexers at 
the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to describe the content of an article. NLM's MeSH 
terms are organized in a hierarchy, or "tree" structure. You can look up any subject 
heading using the TOOLS/Tree pull-down menu. MeSH headings are entered into the index as 
phrases and should be searched as they appear in the NLM MeSH books or in our Tree display. 
Approximately ten or twelve subject headings are applied to each article.


SO	Source [Display Only]

The Source (SO) field includes a display of all the basic information needed to locate a 
citation, including the full Journal Name or Monograph Publisher, the Vol/Issue, pagination 
and year of publication. This can be searched as an alias for the Journal Name (JN), 
Publisher (PB), Page (PG), Year of Publication (YR), Volume (VO), and Issue / Part (IP) fields.


TI	Title [Word Indexed]
	bone.ti. 
	nursing care.ti. 

The Title (TI) field contains the English language version of a title. For documents which 
were not written in English, the original or transliterated title appears in a separate 
field, Original Title (OT). The title sometimes includes notes, in brackets, about the 
article, such as an indication that it is a letter, editorial, or comment.

Stopwords such as "of" or "the" display in documents but do not appear in the Title index. 
However, the word "a," which is a stopword in other fields CAN be searched in titles.


UI	Unique Identifier [Phrase Indexed]
	83050448.ui. 
	99275725.ui. 

The Unique Identifier (UI) field contains an 8-digit number assigned by CANCERLIT to 
uniquely identify a particular record. This number is also the one used to locate the 
document through NLM's document delivery service. This field was formerly called the 
Pubmed Identifier. 


UP	Update Date [Phrase Indexed]
	200201.up.

The Update Date (UP) field contains the year and month in the format, YYYYMM, that the 
record was entered to Ovid's CancerLit.


VO	Volume [Word Indexed]
	"49".vo. 
	"13".vo. 

The Volume (VO) field consists of the volume and issue of a serial publication. This field 
is usually displayed as part of the Source (SO) field.


XH	Catalog Holdings [Display Only]

The Catalog Holdings (XH) field indicates (with a "Y" or an "N") if a journal is held 
locally.


XM	Exploded MeSH Heading [Phrase Indexed]
	"dopamine agents*".xm. 
	exocrine glands.xm. 

MeSH Subject Headings are hierarchical, with up to twelve levels of narrower terms from 
the top of a hierarchy. In order to retrieve a term and all of its narrower terms, a 
subject headings must be "exploded," that is, the subject heading and all narrower terms 
are "OR'd" together. OVID pre-explodes highly-posted broader terms with their narrower 
terms during loading. These pre-exploded MeSH Headings appear in the XM field.


XS	Exploded Sub-Heading [Phrase Indexed]
	ae.xs. 
	di.xs. 

Sometimes multiple MeSH Subheadings can be logically grouped together. Such related groups 
of subheadings are "pre-exploded" under one broad subheading. This means that all the 
grouped subheadings can be retrieved together by searching on the "pre-exploded" version 
of the broad subheading. 

The 2-letter codes for the pre-exploded subheadings appear in the Exploded Subheading (XS) 
field.


YR	Year of Publication [Phrase Indexed]
	1983.yr. 
	1996.yr. 

The Year of Publication (YR) field contains the year in which an article or monograph was 
published. Only the four digit years appear in the index.

Stopwords

Words of little intrinsic meaning that occur too frequently to be useful in searching text are known as "stopwords." You cannot search for the following stopwords by themselves, but you can include them within phrases.

a 
by 
having 
neither 
seem 
those 
about 
can 
how 
no 
seen 
through 
after 
could 
however 
nor 
several 
thus 
again 
did 
if 
not 
should 
to 
all 
do 
in 
obtain 
show 
under 
almost 
does 
into 
obtained 
showed 
up 
also 
done 
is 
of 
shown 
upon 
although 
during 
it 
often 
shows 
use 
always 
each 
its 
on 
significant 
used 
among 
either 
itself 
only 
significantly 
using 
an 
enough 
just 
or 
since 
various 
and 
especially 
kg 
other 
so 
very 
another 
etc 
km 
our 
some 
was 
any 
followed 
largely 
out 
such 
we 
approximately 
following 
like 
overall 
suggest 
were 
are 
for 
made 
per 
than 
what 
as 
found 
mainly 
perhaps 
that 
when 
at 
from 
make 
possible 
the 
whereas 
be 
further 
may 
previously 
their 
which 
because 
give 
might 
quite 
theirs 
while 
been 
given 
min 
rather 
them
with 
before 
giving 
mm 
really 
then 
within 
being 
had 
most 
regarding 
there 
would 
between 
hardly 
mostly 
resulted 
these 
 
both 
has
must 
resulting 
they 
 
but
have
nearly 
same 
this 
 

CANCERLIT Limits

The following limits are available from the Limit menu on the Main Search page. Popular Command and Sentence Syntax Limits:
Abstracts
Command Syntax:		..l/ ab=y
Sentence Syntax:	limit 1 to abstracts

Age Groups
Sentence Syntax:	limit 1 to infant
			limit 2 to adult

Animal/Human
Command Syntax:		..l/1 hu=y
Sentence Syntax:	limit 1 to human
			limit 1 to animal

Animal Types
Sentence Syntax:	limit 1 to cats
			limit 1 to rabbits

English Language
Command Syntax:		..l/1 en=y
Sentence Syntax:	limit 1 to english

Female/Male
Sentence Syntax:	limit 1 to female
			limit 1 to male

Ovid Full Text Available
Sentence Syntax:	limit 1 to ovid full text available

Languages
Command Syntax:		..l/1 lg=fre
Sentence Syntax:	limit 1 to french

Latest Update
Sentence Syntax		limit 1 to latest update

Non-MEDLINE
Sentence Syntax:	limit 1 to nonmedline

Publication Types
Sentence Syntax:	limit 1 to clinical trial
			limit 1 to review

Publication Years
Sentence Syntax:	limit 1 to yr=1996

Change to CANCERLIT From Another Database

Online the only segment up for use is the Multi-segment Canc.
Coverage for Segments Local:

1975-present	use canc   or  ..c/canc 
2002-present	use canc6  or  ..c/canc6
1999-2001	use canc5  or  ..c/canc5
1996-1998	use canc4  or  ..c/canc4
1991-1995	use canc3  or  ..c/canc3
1985-1990	use canc2  or  ..c/canc2
1975-1984	use canc1  or  ..c/canc1  

Sample CANCERLIT Documents


Unique Identifier 
	81013873
PubMed Identifier 	
	6251455
Authors 	
	Van Beveren C. Goddard JG. Berns A. Verma IM. 
Title 	
	Structure of Moloney murine leukemia viral DNA: nucleotide sequence
	of the 5' long terminal repeat and adjacent cellular sequences. 
Source 	
	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States 
	of America. 77(6):3307-11, 1980 Jun. 
NLM Journal Code 	
	pv3, PV3, PV3, 7505876 
Journal Subset 	
	IM 
Country of Publication 
	United States 
MeSH Subject Headings 
	Animal 	
	Attachment Sites (Microbiology) 
 	Base Sequence 
	Cloning, Molecular 
	DNA Transposable Elements 
	DNA, Recombinant 
	*DNA, Viral / ge [Genetics] 
	Escherichia coli / ge [Genetics] 
	Genes, Viral 
	Mice 
	Mice, Inbred BALB C 
	Models, Genetic 
	*Moloney Leukemia Virus / ge [Genetics] 
	*Operon 
	Plasmids 
	Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 
	Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 
	*Transcription, Genetic 
Abstract 
	Some unintegrated and all integrated forms of murine leukemia viral 
	DNA contain long terminal repeats (LTRs). The entire nucleotide 
	sequence of the LTR and adjacent cellular sequences at the 5' end of 
	a cloned integrated proviral DNA obtained from BALB/Mo mouse has been 
	determined. It was compared to the nucleotide sequence of the LTR at 
	the 3' end. The results indicate: (i) a direct 517-nucleotide repeat at 
	the 5' and 3' termini; (ii) 145 nucleotides out of 517 nucleotides 
	represent sequences between the 5'-CAP nucleotide and 3' end of the 
	primer tRNA (strong-stop DNA); (iii)an 11-nucleotide inverted repeat 
	is present at the ends of the 5'-LTR and a total of 17 out of 21 
	nucleotides at the termini are inverted repeats; (iv) sequences 
	CAATAAAAG (at positions -24 to -31) and CAATAAAC (at positions +46 to 
	+53) resembling the hypothetical DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II 
	promoter site can be identified in the 5'-LTR; (v)the sequence GAAA 
	appears to be repeated on both sides of the junction of viral and 
	cellular sequences; and (vi) in analogy with the bacterial 
	transposons, the presence of an inverted repeat sequence at the 
	termini of 5'-LTR suggests that M-MLV also has the integration 
	properties of a transposon. 

Registry Numbers 0 (DNA Transposable Elements). 0 (DNA, Recombinant). 0 (DNA, Viral). 0 (Plasmids). ISSN 0027-8424 Publication Type Journal Article Language English Molecular Sequence GENBANK Entry Month 19801125 Revised: 20001218. Entry Week: 19801125. Unique Identifier 81077285 PubMed Identifier 6160586 Authors Attie AD. Pittman RC. Steinberg D. Title Metabolism of native and of lactosylated human low density lipoprotein: evidence for two pathways for catabolism of exogenous proteins in rat hepatocytes. Source Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 77(10):5923-7, 1980 Oct. NLM Journal Code pv3, PV3, PV3, 7505876 Journal Subset IM Country of Publication United States MeSH Subject Headings Animal Cholesterol / me [Metabolism] Colchicine / pd [Pharmacology] *Glycoproteins / me [Metabolism] Human Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases / me [Metabolism] *Lactose / me [Metabolism] *Lipoproteins, LDL / me [Metabolism] *Liver / me [Metabolism] Lysosomes / me [Metabolism] Metabolic Clearance Rate Rats Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. alpha-Fetoproteins / me [Metabolism] Abstract Human low density lipoprotein (LDL) covalently conjugated with 200-250 residues of lactose per LDL particle (Lac-LDL) was bound and rapidly taken up by the galactose-specific receptor of rat hepatocytes. Uptake of Lac-LDL was associated with inhibition of droxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and stimulation of cholesterol esterification. Uptake of native human LDL had no significant effects on these enzyme activities even when the rates of LDL uptake equaled those of Lac-LDL. When injected into rats, Lac-LDL was selectively removed by the liver (98% of injected dose). The hepatic subcellular distribution of simultaneously injected native 125I-labeled LDL and 131I-labeled Lac-LDL differed significantly, Lac-LDL was associated with fractions enriched in lysosomal hydrolases whereas native LDL was found predominantly in the supernatant fraction enriched in lactate dehydrogenase. Chloroquine (0.1 mM) markedly suppressed uptake of Lac-LDL by cultured rat hepatocytes (> 80%) but had only a small effect on uptake of native LDL. Leupeptin (0.625 mM) inhibited degradation of Lac-LDL more than it did degradation of native LDL. Colchicine (0.25 microM) dramatically suppressed uptake of Lac-LDL (> 70%) but did not affect native LDL uptake even at concentrations as high as 10 microM. Uptake of human LDL by rat hepatocytes occurs largely by nonspecific mechanisms, including fluid endocytosis, whereas Lac-LDL, as shown here, is taken up by a specific receptor-mediated mechanism. The results show further that native human LDL, representing an example of a protein taken up nonspecifically, is processed intracellularly by a pathway qualitatively distinct from that for Lac-LDL, an example of a protein taken up by a specific mechanism. Lac-LDL may serve as a vehicle for specifically delivering drugs, hormones, or radioactive compounds to hepatocytes for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes. Registry Numbers 0 (Glycoproteins). 0 (Lipoproteins, LDL). 0 (alpha-Fetoproteins). 0 (lactosylated LDL). 57-88-5 (Cholesterol). 63-42-3 (Lactose). 64-86-8 (Colchicine). EC 1-1-1-88 (Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases). ISSN 0027-8424 Publication Type Journal Article Language English Grant Numbers HL-07276 (NHLBI), HL-14197 (NHLBI) Entry Month 19810226 Revised: 20001218. Entry Week: 19810226.

CANCERLIT Producer Copyright Information

Some material in the CANCERLIT database is from copyrighted publications of the respective copyright claimants. Users of the database are referred to the publication data appearing in the bibliographic citations, as well as to the copyright notices appearing in the original publication, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

The NCI represents that CANCERLIT is formulated with a reasonable standard of care. Except for this representation, NCI makes no representations or warranties, express or implied, including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose, with respect to CANCERLIT. The documents contained in CANCERLIT may be retained for personal or educational use only. Information should not be edited or modified. Any resale or redistribution of all or portions of the information is not permitted.

Because use of the CANCERLIT database for insurance reimbursement decisions is contrary to the nature of the database, which is designed as a research tool and not to reflect all possible treatment options, customers agree to not make the database available to users who wish to use it for reimbursement decision purposes.


Revised 20 January 2003