MEDLINE is the U.S. National Library of Medicine's (NLM) premier bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the health care system, and the preclinical sciences. MEDLINE contains bibliographic citations and author abstracts from more than 4,600 biomedical journals published in the United States and 70 other countries. The file contains over 11 million citations dating back to the mid-1960's, including approximately 130,000 population-related journal citations unique to the former POPLINEŽ database, added to MEDLINE in October of 2002. Coverage is worldwide, but most records are from English-language sources or have English abstracts. Abstracts are included for about 52% of the records.
===== ============ Label Name/Example ===== ============ AB Abstract [Word Indexed] bone density.ab. drug abuse.ab. The abstract index contains all searchable words from the abstract. Since 1975, MEDLINE has included author-written abstracts from journals whose publishers gave the NLM permission for their use. These abstracts appear in the Abstract (AB) field. Over 50% of the documents in MEDLINE contain abstracts. Stopwords, such as "the" and "of" are not searchable. AF All Searchable Fields whitman walker.af. gmhc.af. All Fields (AF) is an alias for all of the fields which occur in the source documents, including value-added fields such as Subject Headings. The only thing excluded from an All Fields search are fields such as "floating subheading" or "heading word" which are created by the loading process and do not actually appear in the record. AU Authors [Phrase Indexed] rise j.au. smith $.au. The Author (AU) field contains the authors of the article. The format for authors is last name followed by one or more initials: Smith JC or Smith J. Enter the last name, or if it is a common name, enter the last name and first initial. If you are unsure of the spelling of the last name (macdonald or mcdonald), enter one version and then scroll through the list of names to find the other. CM Comments [Word Indexed] jama.cm. The Comments (CM) field contains an indication that the article either contains a comment on another article or is commented on in another article. The Comment field begins with the indication "Comment On" or "Comment In" and then displays a journal abbreviation, volume/issue/date and pagination. CP Country of Publication [Phrase Indexed] france.cp. united states.cp. The Country of Publication (CP) field contains the full name of the country in which an article was published. The country name is entered into the index as a phrase. ED Entry Date [Phrase Indexed] 20011215.ed. 20000929.ed. The Entry Date (ED) field contains the issue (year, month and day) in which the document was indexes as a completed Medline record. This index appears in the format YYYYMMDD. EP Electronic Date of Publication [Phrase Indexed] 20011215.ep. The Electronic Date of Publication (EP) is the date the record or article was sent to NLM for inclusion in MEDLINE. It displays in the YYYYMMDD format. FS Floating Subheading [Phrase Indexed] et.fs. di.fs. The Floating Subheadings (FS) field contains the 2-letter codes, such as "po" for poisoning, and is displayed following the corresponding MeSH Subject Headings. Subheadings are qualifiers added to MeSH subject headings to refine their meaning. Terms such as "etiology" or "therapy", when combined with a MeSH heading, give a very precise idea of what an article covers. GS Gene Symbol [Phrase Indexed] agr.gs. ela.gs. The Gene Symbol (GS) field contains Gene Symbols as they are entered into MEDLINE in the original document. They often, but not always, conform to standardized human gene nomenclature. Ignore super or sub-scripts in entry of a gene symbol: psub 1450 would be entered p1450. Enter hyphens as in the original symbol. The Gene Symbol field was added to MEDLINE in 1991. Beginning in 1996, data will no longer be added to this field. GW Gene Symbol Word [Word Indexed] cd4.gw. mada.gw. The Gene Word (GW) field contains individual words from the Gene Symbol (GS) field. The Gene Symbol field was added to MEDLINE in 1991. Beginning in 1996, data will no longer be added to this field. HW, ME Subject Heading Word [Word Indexed] diazepam.hw. blood.hw. The Subject Heading Word (HW) field allows you to retrieve every MeSH subject heading that includes a particular word. Do this by searching a single word in HW. IA Investigator Affiliation [Word Indexed] university.ia. The Investigator Affiliation (IA) field contains the affiliation of the investigator of the article, and displays as part of the Institution (IN) field. IN Institution [Word Indexed] harvard.in. case western.in. The Institution (IN) field contains the primary author's affiliation, which is usually the source for a reprint of the article. This index also contains the investigators affiliation. This information can be searched in most documents since 1988, but records from earlier years which were added to the database after 1988 may also contain institution information. Beginning with documents indexed in 1996, the primary author's email address will also be included, if present in the journal. The information is taken from the source document and is not standardized. Enter the single most descriptive word in an institution (harvard, not university). Consider both full spellings and abbreviations. IP Issue/Part [Word Indexed] "3".ip. "45".ip. The Issue/part field (IP) contains the Issue and/or part for a particular volume of a journal. The IP field usually displays as part of the Source (SO) field. IR Investigator [Phrase Indexed] young lr.ir. zile mr.ir. The Investigator (IR) field contains the investigators of the article. The format for authors is last name followed by one or more initials: Smith JC or Smith J. Enter the last name, or if it is a common name, enter the last name and first initial. If you are unsure of the spelling of the last name (macdonald or mcdonald), enter one version and then scroll through the list of names to find the other. IS ISSN/ISBN Number [Phrase Indexed] 0098 7484.is. 8756 971X.is. The ISSN (IS) field contains the International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) for the journal in which an article was published. It appears as an 8 digit number, separated by a hyphen: 0028-4793. JC NLM Journal Code [Phrase Indexed] 0004047.jc. 9892185.jc. The NLM Journal Code (JC) is an alpha-numeric code established by NLM which uniquely identifies every journal indexed in the NLM databases. Only the 7 digit code is searchable, in some cases the 3 digit alpha-numeric code will display as well. JN, JT Journal Name [Phrase Indexed] archives of dermatology.jn. jama.jn. The Journal Name (JN) field contains the full name of the journal in which the article was published. Journal names are indexed as phrases, so enter enough letters of the journal name to locate the name in the index: new engl (for New England Journal of Medicine). Stopwords such as "of" ARE included in the JN index, but when "the" is the first word of a journal, it has been stripped. JW Journal Word [Word Indexed] obstetrics.jw. psychology.jw. The Journal Word (JW) field contains individual words from every journal name in MEDLINE. Stopwords such as "the" or "of" are not included. This field is used to retrieve every occurrence of a journal which includes a particular word, such as "obstetrics". KF Keyword Heading Word [Word Indexed] nature.kf. Sometimes you may wish to retrieve every Keyword Heading that includes a particular word; this is done by searching the single word in the Keyword Heading Word (KF) field. KW Keyword Heading [Phrase Indexed] utilitarianism.kw. The Keyword Heading (KW) field contains the Keyword Headings assigned by indexers at NLM to describe the content of an article. If you may want to retrieve every Keyword Heading that includes a particular word; this is done by searching the single word in the Keyword Heading Word (KF) field. LG, LA Language [Phrase Indexed] fre.lg. eng.lg. The Language (LG) field contains the language(s) of publication of an article. The language name will appear in the index as a 3-letter code (such as fre for French); the codes are usually, but not always, the first three letters of the language name. The language index is quickly scrollable to determine all languages which appear in MEDLINE. MI MEDLINE Identifier [Phrase Indexed] 20003508.mi. 99441106.mi. The MEDLINE Identifier (MI) field contains the NLM Class Maintenance number. This number was formally the Unique Identifier (UI). MS Molecular Sequence [Phrase Indexed] swissprot-s33667.ms. swissprot-z8200.ms. The Molecular Sequence (MS) field contains an organizational acronym and the unique identifier that organization has applied to a molecular sequence. The acronym appears first followed by a hyphen and the unique identifier: genbank-x55010. The Molecular Sequence (MS) field was added to MEDLINE in 1988. NO Grant Number [Phrase Indexed] Zr01ai28076.no. Zr25ca571206.no. The Grant Numbers (NO) field was created by NLM in 1981 to specify documents reporting on federally-funded research. Grant or contract numbers are displayed in full, but special characters except hyphens have been removed from the index. NT General Note [Display Only] The General Note (NT) field contains either a series name and number or general supplementary information about an item. The notes may include information on the availability of a bibliography, ordering information for dissertations or hearings, or general summaries of materials such as manuals or scripts. A series title may appear for a book or for audiovisual materials. OA Other Abstract [Word Indexed] crime.oa. The Other Abstract (OA) field includes a brief abstract written by staff members of the Kennedy Institute of Ethics. The abstract index contains all searchable words from the abstract. OT Original Title [Word Indexed] coeur.ot. no43gene.ot. The Original Title (OT) includes any non-English titles in the original language. If the original title was in a non-Roman alphabet, then the OT is transliterated. PB Publisher [Word Indexed] ecol.pb. hume.pb. The Publisher (PB) field contains publisher information for books, monographs or any non-journal publications. This information is taken from the source document as it appears, so variant forms of a publisher are possible. This field is usually displayed as part of the Source (S0) field. PG Page [Phrase Indexed] "44".pg. "237".pg. The Page (PG) field is the first page on which an article appears. Often a journal title combined with the beginning page number is enough to locate a citation. This field is usually displayed as part of the Source (SO) field. PN Personal Name as Subject [Phrase Indexed] monet c$.pn. adams s$.pn. The Personal Name As Subject (PN) field displays the name of a well-known person if they are discussed in an article, such as an interview or obituary. The format for Personal Name is the same as for Author -- last name and initials: Bach JS. Enter a last name and one initial if known. PT Publication Type [Phrase Indexed] bibliography.pt. review.pt. The Publication Type (PT) field displays the terms the indexers at the National Library of Medicine assign terms to describe the article type. To view the index, enter enough letters to distinguish a publication type (jour for "journal article"); the entire index is quickly scrollable to determine all possible publication types. RD Revision Date [Phrase Indexed] 20001218.rd. The Revision Date (RD) field contains the issue (year, month and day) in which the document was revised in Index Medicus. The RD field appears in the format YYYYMMDD. Previously, the RD filed was indexed with the Entry Date (ED) field. Now, it is a separate index. RN, NM CAS Registry Number / EC Number [Phrase Indexed] 38404-93-2-5.rn. ec 1-1-1-101.rn. The CAS Registry/EC Number (RN) field contains the Chemical Abstracts Service Registry number or Enzyme Commission number for a compound mentioned in an article. If the generic compound name can be determined, it is included. The RN field was added to MEDLINE in 1980. Registry numbers appear with hyphens (50-00-0); EC numbers appear in the format ec 1-1-1-3; and chemical names appear with all special characters except hyphens removed. RO Record Owner [Phrase Indexed] kie.ro. The Record Owner (RO) field contains the owner of the record. ECRI = a non profit health services research agency based in Plymouth Meeting, PA HMD = History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine HSR = Health Services Research KIE = Kennedy Institute of Ethics, Georgetown University NASA = National Aeronautics and Space Administration NLM = National Library of Medicine PIP = Johns Hopkins University Center for Communication Programs RW CAS Registry Number / EC Number Word [Word Indexed] binding.rw. enzyme$.rw. The CAS Registry/EC Number Word (RW) field contains single words from the registry number field and is used to search portions of chemical names. The CAS Registry/EC Number (RN) field was added to MEDLINE in 1980. SB Journal Subset [Phrase Indexed] The Journal Subset (SB) field displays the division of subsets created in the MEDLINE database: AIM = Abridged Index Medicus Journals B = Biotechnology Journals (assigned 1990-1998), non-Index Medicus C = Communication Disorders Journals (assigned 1977-1997), non-Index Medicus D = Dentistry Journals E = Bioethics Journals, non-Index Medicus H = Health Administration Journals, non-Index Medicus IM = Index Medicus Journals K = Consumer Health Journals, non-Index Medicus N = Nursing Journals Q = History of Medicine Journals, non-Index Medicus QO = Older History of Medicine Journals R = Reproduction Journals (assigned 1972-1979), non-Index Medicus S = National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Journals, non-Index Medicus T = Health Technology Assessment Journals, non-Index Medicus X = AIDS/HIV Journals, non-Index Medicus SH, DE, CT, SW MeSH Subject Heading [Phrase Indexed] ulcer.sh. sarcoma kaposi.sh. The MeSH Subject Headings (SH) field contains the Medical Subject Headings used by indexers at NLM to describe the content of an article. NLM's MeSH terms are organized in a hierarchy, or "tree" structure. MeSH headings are entered into the index as phrases and should be searched as they appear in the NLM MeSH books or in our Tree display. SM Space Flight Mission [Phrase Indexed] flight experiment.sm. galileo project.sm The Space Flight Mission (SM) field provides descriptive values for each Space Flight Mission. SO Source (JN, PB, PG, YR, VO, IP) bioelectrochemistry.so. tennessee medicine.so. The Source (SO) field includes a display of all the basic information needed to locate a citation, including the full Journal Name or Monograph Publisher, the Vol/Issue, pagination and year of publication. TI Title [Word Indexed] bone.ti. nursing care.ti. The Title (TI) field contains the English language version of a title. For documents which were not written in English, the original or transliterated title appears in a separate field, Original Title (OT). Stopwords such as "of" or "the" will display in documents but do not appear in the Title index. However, the word "a", which is a stopword in other fields CAN be searched in titles. TW Text Word (AB, TI) diazepam.tw. squibb.tw. The Textword (TW) field is an alias for all of the fields in a database which contain text words and which are appropriate for a subject search. The Textword field in MEDLINE includes Title (TI) and Abstract (AB). UI, AN Unique Identifier [Phrase Indexed] 10885016.ui. 10900377.ui. 10936459.ui. The Unique Identifier (UI) field contains an 8-digit number assigned by MEDLINE to uniquely identify a particular record. This number is also the one used to locate the document through NLM's document delivery service. This number was formally the PubMed Identifier. UP Update Date [Phrase Indexed] 20020107.up. The Update Date (UP) field contains the date the record was added to Ovid's MEDLINE. The UP field appears in the format YYYYMMDD. VO Volume [Word Indexed] "49".vo. "13".vo. The Volume (VO) field consists of the volume and issue of a serial publication. This field is usually displayed as part of the Source (SO) field. XM Exploded MeSH Heading [Phrase Indexed] "dopamine agents*".xm. exocrine glands.xm. The Exploded MeSH Heading (XM) field displays pre-exploded MeSH Headings. MeSH Subject Headings are hierarchical, with up to twelve levels of narrower terms from the top of a hierarchy. In order to retrieve a term and all of its narrower terms, a subject heading must be "exploded", that is, the subject heading and all narrower terms are "OR'd" together. OVID pre-explodes highly-posted broader terms with their narrower terms during loading. XS Exploded Subheading [Phrase Indexed] ae.xs. di.xs. The Exploded Subheadings (XS) field displays the two-letter codes for the pre-exploded subheadings. Sometimes multiple MeSH Subheadings can be logically grouped together. Such related groups of subheadings are "pre-exploded" under one broad subheading. This means that all the grouped subheadings can be retrieved together by searching on the "pre-exploded" version of the broad subheading. YR Year of Publication [Phrase Indexed] 2001.yr. The Year of Publication (YR) field contains the year in which an article or monograph was published. Only the four digit years appear in the index.Back to top
The following limits are available from the Limit menu on the Main Search Page:
Popular Command and Sentence Syntax Limits:
Abstracts Command Syntax: ..l/ ab=y Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to abstracts Age Groups Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to infant limit 1 to adultNote: A change has been made to the age limit. Because of the Age Group changes in the MeSH headling, the Adolescence limit is now Adolescent. The functionality is the same, therfore the limit will excute infant newborn.sh. or infant.sh. or child preschool.sh. or child.sh. or adolescent.sh.
Middle Aged <45 plus years of aged> Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to middle aged Animal/Human Command Syntax: ..l/1 hu=y Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to human limit 1 to animal Animal Types Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to cats limit 1 to rabbits English Language Command Syntax: ..l/1 en=y Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to english Journal Subsets Command Syntax: ..l/1 sb=aim Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to aim journals Languages Command Syntax: ..l/1 lg=fre Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to french Female/Male Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to female limit 1 to male Publication Types Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to journal article limit 1 to clinical trial limit 1 to review Publication Years Command Syntax: ..l/1 yr=1996 Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to yr=1996
There are range limits for both the RD and ED fields. These limits are not listed in the pulldown, however they can be used from the command line. To run the limits use the following syntax from the command line.
limit 1 to ed=20021001-20021115 limit 1 to rd=20021001-20021115Back to top
Words of little intrinsic meaning that occur too frequently to be useful in searching text are known as "stopwords." You cannot search for the following stopwords by themselves, but you can include them within phrases.
| a | by | having | neither | seem | those |
| about | can | how | no | seen | through |
| after | could | however | nor | several | thus |
| again | did | if | not | should | to |
| all | do | in | obtain | show | under |
| almost | does | into | obtained | showed | up |
| also | done | is | of | shown | upon |
| although | during | it | often | shows | use |
| always | each | its | on | significant | used |
| among | either | itself | only | significantly | using |
| an | enough | just | or | since | various |
| and | especially | kg | other | so | very |
| another | etc | km | our | some | was |
| any | followed | largely | out | such | we |
| approximately | following | like | overall | suggest | were |
| are | for | made | per | than | what |
| as | found | mainly | perhaps | that | when |
| at | from | make | possible | the | whereas |
| be | further | may | previously | their | which |
| because | give | might | quite | theirs | while |
| been | given | min | rather | them | with |
| before | giving | mm | really | then | within |
| being | had | most | regarding | there | would |
| between | hardly | mostly | resulted | these | |
| both | has | must | resulting | they | |
| but | have | nearly | same | this |
Examples:
use medl ..c/medl
<1> Unique Identifier 10528460 Medline Identifier 99457767 Record Owner NLM Authors Catlin AJ. Stevenson DK. Institution Napa Valley College, CA, USA. acatlin@napanet.net Title Physicians' neonatal resuscitation of extremely low-birth-weight preterm infants.[comment]. Comments Comment in: J Nurs Scholarsh. 2000;32(2):114; PMID: 10887702, Comment in: J Nurs Scholarsh. 2000;32(2):114; PMID: 10887701 Source Image - the Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 31(3):269-75, 1999. Abbreviated Source Image J Nurs Sch. 31(3):269-75, 1999. NLM Journal Code gg1, 8400753, 8400753 Journal Subset IM, N Country of Publication United States MeSH Subject Headings Decision Making Ethics, Medical Human Infant, Newborn *Infant, Premature *Infant, Very Low Birth Weight *Physician's Practice Patterns *Resuscitation Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States Abstract PURPOSE: To examine the perceptions of physicians who make delivery room decisions to resuscitate extremely low-birth-weight (ELBW) neonates at marginal viability. Nurses, parents, economists, and ethicists have questioned resuscitation of ELBW neonates, many of whom experience high levels of morbidity and mortality. Yet no systematic studies were found that addressed physicians' perceptions and delivery room decisions. DESIGN: Descriptive, using naturalistic inquiry. A national U.S. convenience sample was obtained in 1996-1997 of 54 physicians in five perinatal subspecialties who resuscitated ELBW neonates. METHODS: Tape-recorded and transcribed interviews were analyzed using NUD*IST software and line-by-line constant comparison. FINDINGS: Despite awareness of the high morbidity and mortality, 96% of the physicians offered resuscitation to all ELBW neonates in the delivery room. The main factors affecting their decisions were "the role of physician;" having been "trained to save lives;" the belief that "if called, I resuscitate;" the inability to determine gestational age; requests from parents to "do everything;" and the need to move from a "chaotic" delivery room to a controlled neonatal intensive care unit. Six major themes were: role expectation, uncertainty, awareness, internal and external forces, burden, and continuing quandaries. Physicians were burdened by the devastated and dying babies, by their inability to predict which neonates had a chance for intact survival, and by conflicts with colleagues about viability. Statistical probability of survival, legal constraints, and cost of care did not appear to affect greatly their decisions. Physicians asked that society and national policy makers set parameters for resuscitation. CONCLUSIONS: The American Academy of Pediatrics' Neonatal Resuscitation Protocol needs revision to delineate the ethical criteria for resuscitation. Early prenatal education for families which clearly teaches the margins of viability and outcomes of early deliveries is also recommended. Physicians must be supported in changing the recessitation paradigm. ISSN 0743-5150 Publication Type Journal Article. Language English Entry Date 19991104 Revision Date 20021211 Update Date 20021212 <2> Unique Identifier 12383635 Medline Identifier 22272951 Record Owner NLM Authors Zimmer GM. Wentink GH. Bruschke C. Westenbrink FJ. Brinkhof J. de Goey I. Institution Bomela 18, 5301 NL Zaltbommel, The Netherlands. Title Failure of foetal protection after vaccination against an experimental infection with bovine virus diarrhea virus. Source Veterinary Microbiology. 89(4):255-65, 2002 Nov 6. Abbreviated Source Vet Microbiol. 89(4):255-65, 2002 Nov 6. NLM Journal Code xbw, 7705469 Journal Subset IM Country of Publication Netherlands MeSH Subject Headings Animal Animals, Newborn Antibodies, Viral / bl [Blood] *Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease / im [Immunology] Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease / pc [Prevention & Control] Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease / vi [Virology] Carrier State / ve [Veterinary] Cattle *Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral / im [Immunology] *Disease Transmission, Vertical / ve [Veterinary] Female *Fetus / im [Immunology] Fetus / vi [Virology] Leukocyte Count / ve [Veterinary] Netherlands Random Allocation Trachea / vi [Virology] *Vaccination / ve [Veterinary] Vaccines, Inactivated / im [Immunology] Vaccines, Inactivated / st [Standards] *Viral Vaccines / im [Immunology] Abstract A protocol is described to measure the protection of the bovine fetus against an experimental bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection after vaccination. Two inactivated experimental vaccines were applied twice with a 3 week interval. A mixture of three different Dutch field strains was used as challenge on mainly the 82nd day of gestation to vaccinated and unvaccinated control animals. The challenge was applied 5 months after completion of the two-fold vaccinations. All calves born from unvaccinated control animals were persistently infected. The calves born from dams vaccinated with the two different inactivated BVDV vaccines were persistently infected in 78 and 60%, respectively. CAS Registry/EC Number 0 (Antibodies, Viral). 0 (Vaccines, Inactivated). 0 (Viral Vaccines). ISSN 0378-1135 Publication Type Journal Article. Language English Entry Date 20021211 Update Date 20021212.Back to top
The following use of data from MEDLINE, AIDSLINE, BIOETHICSLINE and HEALTHSTAR requires no written permission from or signed licence agreement with NLM:
Users may download small amounts of data, e.g., the bibliographic citation and MeSH terms, for a small number of citations from the databases listed above for redistribution either via a printed publication or in electronic form using the Internet, World Wide Web, etc. Downloading from a MEDLARS licensee, such as OVID is subject to the licensee's approval.
Definitions:
1. Download includes ftping results of an online search, arranging for the results of an automatic stored search to be available for ftp, ftping MEDLARS data from the NLM server (nlmpubs.nlm.nih.gov), or a traditional download using a modem.
2. Small is defined as approximately 1,000 records per month from MEDLINE; 12,000 per year. Retrospective pulls of MEDLINE may include up to approximately 12,000 records for each year covered. For other MEDLARS databases, fewer than 25% of records in the file may be downloaded. For larger portions of a MEDLARS database, contact Janer@nlm.nih.gov or 301-496-7706 for licensing information.
3. Data is defined as bibliographic citations and MeSH terms. This document grants permission to download only the bibliographic citations and MeSH terms, it does not cover author abstracts from the journals which are included in MEDLINE and other MEDLARS databases. Users should obtain an opinion from their legal counsel for any use they plan for the author-generated abstracts in the MEDLARS database.
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Users must ensure that all downloaded publicly accessable data stored in electronic form for over one year must be in compliance with the following provisions of the NLM license agreement:
A. Users of this data must be provided a clear description of how the product/service was derived, indicating the currency and the source database.
B. At least annually, the data downloaded must be corrected to incorporate the corrections NLM has made to these records during the year and in year end maintenance. MEDLARS data in any subsequently produced product/service must be carefully checked with that maintained on NLM's version of the database at the end of each calender year and corrections made.
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